What is earwax, really?
Earwax (cerumen) is a natural secretion produced by glands in the outer ear canal — contrary to popular belief, it is not "dirt". It moisturizes the canal, traps dust and foreign particles, and its acidic nature protects against infection. The ear canal is self-cleaning: with the help of jaw movements, wax gradually migrates outwards on its own.
Why does a wax plug (impaction) form?
Some people produce thicker, harder wax, and some have narrow or curved ear canals; in these situations wax can accumulate, harden and block the canal. One of the most important causes is cotton swab use: while removing some wax, the swab pushes a larger part towards the eardrum and packs it in. Earphones and hearing aids can also increase build-up.
What are the symptoms?
The most common symptoms are a feeling of fullness or blockage and reduced hearing — often appearing suddenly after a shower or swim, when the wax swells with water. Ringing, itching, an echo sensation and occasionally mild pain may accompany it.
Why is home cleaning not recommended?
Cleaning with cotton swabs, hairpins or similar objects can push the wax deeper, scratch the canal and open the way to infection, and can even damage the eardrum. Softening drops from the pharmacy may help with hard wax but should not be used when there may be a hole in the eardrum. For a blocked ear, the safest route is a physician evaluation.
How is it removed by the physician?
On examination the canal is inspected and the impaction confirmed; the wax is then removed safely by suction, special instruments or irrigation. The procedure usually takes a few minutes and is painless; for very hard plugs, softening drops may be recommended first and removal completed a few days later. In people who form plugs frequently, periodic check-ups and preventive advice (avoiding cotton swabs, regular softening drops where appropriate) can prevent recurrences.
This article is for general information purposes only; please consult your physician for diagnosis and treatment.